This discussion paper examines the benefits of a range of renewable transport technologies such as V2G, PHEVs and Smart Grids. It explains how, when used in combination, they can lead to even greater reductions in fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

The authors calculate a ‘payback period’ for the electric vehicle's initial price premium by using fuel savings and income generated by providing ancillary services to electric utilities. The payback period was thus calculated to be much less than the life of the vehicle.

It also discusses the current advances in renewable transport technologies and makes suggestions on how they can be implemented. They use NPQ, a carbon free development demonstration project using the Western Australian electricity grid, as an example.